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Spanish Armada
The Spanish Armada (, literally "Great and Most Fortunate Navy") was a Spanish fleet of 130 ships that sailed from A Coruña in August 1588, under the command of the Duke of Medina Sidonia with the purpose of escorting an army from Flanders to invade England. The strategic aim was to overthrow Queen Elizabeth I of England and the Tudor establishment of Protestantism in England, with the expectation that this would put a stop to English interference in the Spanish Netherlands and to the harm caused to Spanish interests by English and Dutch privateering.
The Armada chose not to attack the English fleet at Plymouth, then failed to establish a temporary anchorage in the Solent, after one Spanish ship had been captured by Francis Drake in the English Channel. The Armada finally dropped anchor off Calais.〔"The Safeguard of the Sea, A Naval History of Britain, 660-1649", N. A. M. Rodgers, Penguin, 2004, p 263-269〕 While awaiting communications from the Duke of Parma's army the Armada was scattered by an English fireship attack. In the ensuing Battle of Gravelines the Spanish fleet was damaged and forced to abandon its rendezvous with Parma's army, who were blockaded in harbour by Dutch flyboats. The Armada managed to regroup and, driven by southwest winds, withdrew north, with the English fleet harrying it up the east coast of England. The commander ordered a return to Spain, but the Armada was disrupted during severe storms in the North Atlantic and a large number of the vessels were wrecked on the coasts of Scotland and Ireland. Of the initial 130 ships over a third failed to return. As Martin and Parker explain, "Philip II attempted to invade England, but his plans miscarried, partly because of his own mismanagement, and partly because the defensive efforts of the English and their Dutch allies prevailed."
The expedition was the largest engagement of the undeclared Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604). The following year, England organised a similar large-scale campaign against Spain, the Drake–Norris Expedition, also known as the "Counter-Armada of 1589", which was also unsuccessful.
==Etymology==
The word ''armada'' is from the Spanish ''armada'', cognate with English ''army''. Originally from the Latin ''armāta'' , the past participle of ''armāre'' to arm, used in Romance languages as a noun, for ''armed force'', ''army'', ''navy'', ''fleet''.〔''Oxford English Dictionary'', 'armada'.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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